Optimizing Energy Consumption In The Building

The limitation of energy resources and the increasing consumption of it on the one hand and the excessive consumption of energy by different societies on the other hand, in addition to environmental pollution and wasting national funds, have put the future life of humans at risk.
Experience shows that economic growth and industrial development of countries as preconditions for political authority, national independence and cultural prosperity require various factors including energy and optimal use of energy resources. Although Iran has the richest energy resources, their improper use causes irreparable damage to the country’s annual budget. Therefore, the rational use of energy resources and planning in the fields of optimizing energy consumption have a special priority.
On the other hand, the environmental conditions of humans have a great impact on all aspects of their lives, and considering that most of our lives are spent inside buildings, creating favorable environmental conditions inside buildings is of particular importance. One of the most important conditions of buildings is the provision of proper heating and cooling and air conditioning according to the type of human activity. It is clear that the more favorable and complete these conditions are, the more money and energy they will consume. The purpose of this study and research is:
1- Proposing general changes in the design of buildings, taking into account the climatic conditions of the region.
2- The use of high-quality building materials, taking into account the issues of insulation and sealing.
3- Providing solutions to optimize energy consumption in the mechanical and electronic facilities of the building.
4- Implementing the culture of using energy consumption for users.

It is stated in history that the first uses of human energy were for heating and self-protection, and later for cooking and transportation. Undoubtedly, in the early stages of his evolution, man has also thought of building a shelter. Nowadays, the performance of buildings indirectly includes about 1.2 of the energy consumption used by different countries. More than half of the energy used in buildings is used for heating and cooling, and 10% of it is used for lighting and the rest is used for other energy uses. The energy consumption of buildings is influenced by various factors, which include:
• Local weather
• Location and orientation of the building
• Type of building design
• Type of use and how to use the building
In addition, energy management in buildings can be considered by considering the following factors:
• The location of the building
• Building cover
• Different installation systems
The choice of the location of the building determines the weather conditions in which the building is located. Building cover determines the effect of local conditions on building residents. This cover is actually a porous shell that exchanges energy, light, gases and water vapor between its two sides, the building and the surrounding environment. Installation systems complement the power of cooling, heating and light that can be obtained from the surrounding natural environment. As far as the use of these additional systems are related to the capabilities of the building cover and its local characteristics, energy consumption can be minimized. If a building is designed without considering environmental factors, that is, the building cover and mechanical and electronic facilities are designed independently and without connection with other factors, it is expected that the energy consumption in the building will reach its maximum value.
General principles of optimizing energy consumption in the architecture of a building:
1. Local weather conditions should be used in the architectural design of the building.
2. The direction of the building should be chosen in such a way that it has the best conditions for the sun and wind.
3. Trees and their shade and natural effects should be used.
4. Use plants and flowers to improve the local climate.
5. Shades should be used to reduce the heat absorption of the sun in summer and to deal with energy losses.
6. The dimensions, surface and volume of the building should be optimized to reduce energy consumption.
7. The building cover should be strengthened and insulated to reduce energy losses and air penetration.
8. The design of windows is implemented as double or multi-paned glass to reduce thermal energy losses.
9. Sealing of windows should be optimized so that air penetration is reduced and air losses are also optimized.
10. The ability to store thermal energy in the building should be provided.
11. Solar cells should be used as building components.
12. The entrances should be designed correctly and the patio concept should be used as much as possible.
13. Before designing the building, consult and coordinate with the designers of the mechanical and electronic facilities of the building.
According to the principles of optimization, it is possible to provide designs with high efficiency for buildings. Fortunately, the technology available in the country made it possible to improve the new designs of buildings and the savings made by each of these methods are significant.
However, the initial cost of some optimal buildings may be slightly higher, but the resulting savings, which often reach 50%, quickly return the additional initial investment. In certain cases, it is possible that an optimal building is cheaper than a normal building, and the reason for that is the smaller mechanical and electronic systems and low energy consumption in them.

General principles of optimizing energy consumption in building heating and cooling:
Human comfort in the building depends on four factors: air temperature, air flow speed, relative air humidity and control, soil and smell. If you pay attention to the graph of air characteristics, the comfort zone shows the range of air temperature in different seasons between 20 and 27 degrees Celsius and the range of relative humidity between 20 and 70 percent. It is more appropriate to reach the minimum temperature in winter and the maximum comfortable temperature in summer. Relative humidity is also better

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